Algorithm: Binary Search

reference: labuladong 二分搜值

I’ve been sick for boundary problem for binary search for a long time, I know this is the question that needs spend much time to find correct boundary, but seems meaningless for finding the boundary, so made a summary for binary search problem.

find a number in unique sorted array;

int binarySearch(int[] nums, int target) {
    int left = 0; 
    int right = nums.length - 1; // 注意

    while(left <= right) {
        int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
        if(nums[mid] == target)
            return mid; 
        else if (nums[mid] < target)
            left = mid + 1; // 注意
        else if (nums[mid] > target)
            right = mid - 1; // 注意
    }
    return -1;
}

search range: [l, r] every time, mid has been searched, so mid + 1, mid - 1;

find the left boundary in sorted array

int left_bound(int[] nums, int target) {
    if (nums.length == 0) return -1;
    int left = 0;
    int right = nums.length; // 注意

    while (left < right) { // 注意
        int mid = (left + right) / 2;
        if (nums[mid] == target) {
            right = mid;
        } else if (nums[mid] < target) {
            left = mid + 1;
        } else if (nums[mid] > target) {
            right = mid; // 注意
        }
    }
    return left;
}

search range: [l, r), terminate at: l == r 下一步的搜索区间应该去掉mid分割成两个区间，即[left, mid)或[mid + 1, right)

find the right boundary in the sorted array

int right_bound(int[] nums, int target) {
    if (nums.length == 0) return -1;
    int left = 0, right = nums.length;

    while (left < right) {
        int mid = (left + right) / 2;
        if (nums[mid] == target) {
            left = mid + 1; // 注意, -> return时候要收紧
        } else if (nums[mid] < target) {
            left = mid + 1;
        } else if (nums[mid] > target) {
            right = mid;
        }
    }
    return left - 1; // 注意
}

summary

来梳理一下这些细节差异的因果逻辑：

第一个，最基本的二分查找算法：

因为我们初始化 right = nums.length - 1
所以决定了我们的「搜索区间」是 [left, right]
所以决定了 while (left <= right)
同时也决定了 left = mid+1 和 right = mid-1

因为我们只需找到一个 target 的索引即可
所以当 nums[mid] == target 时可以立即返回

第二个，寻找左侧边界的二分查找：

因为我们初始化 right = nums.length
所以决定了我们的「搜索区间」是 [left, right)
所以决定了 while (left < right)
同时也决定了 left = mid + 1 和 right = mid

因为我们需找到 target 的最左侧索引
所以当 nums[mid] == target 时不要立即返回
而要收紧右侧边界以锁定左侧边界

第三个，寻找右侧边界的二分查找：

因为我们初始化 right = nums.length
所以决定了我们的「搜索区间」是 [left, right)
所以决定了 while (left < right)
同时也决定了 left = mid + 1 和 right = mid

因为我们需找到 target 的最右侧索引
所以当 nums[mid] == target 时不要立即返回
而要收紧左侧边界以锁定右侧边界

又因为收紧左侧边界时必须 left = mid + 1
所以最后无论返回 left 还是 right，必须减一

bounded condition

int binary_search(int[] nums, int target) {
    int left = 0, right = nums.length - 1; $$
    while(left <= right) {
        int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
        if (nums[mid] < target) {
            left = mid + 1;
        } else if (nums[mid] > target) {
            right = mid - 1; 
        } else if(nums[mid] == target) {
            // 直接返回
            return mid;
        }
    }
    // 直接返回
    return -1;
}

int left_bound(int[] nums, int target) {
    int left = 0, right = nums.length - 1;
    while (left <= right) {
        int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
        if (nums[mid] < target) {
            left = mid + 1;
        } else if (nums[mid] > target) {
            right = mid - 1;
        } else if (nums[mid] == target) {
            // 别返回，锁定左侧边界
            right = mid - 1;
        }
    }
    // 最后要检查 left 越界的情况
    if (left >= nums.length || nums[left] != target)
        return -1;
    return left;
}


int right_bound(int[] nums, int target) {
    int left = 0, right = nums.length - 1;
    while (left <= right) {
        int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
        if (nums[mid] < target) {
            left = mid + 1;
        } else if (nums[mid] > target) {
            right = mid - 1;
        } else if (nums[mid] == target) {
            // 别返回，锁定右侧边界
            left = mid + 1;
        }
    }
    // 最后要检查 right 越界的情况
    if (right < 0 || nums[right] != target)
        return -1;
    return right;
}

note:

1. lower_bound含义： 对于这个数组，算法会返回 1。这个 1 的含义可以这样解读：nums中小于 2 的元素有 1 个。
2. 上边两个找区间，左闭右开的情况，move时候的操作都是统一的 ``` right = mid; left = mid + 1;

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